Nebbiolo at its most majestic: rose, tar, cherry and truffle over towering tannin; ages for decades.

Nebbiolo with a touch more grace than Barolo; rose, red cherry, spice and refined tannin.

Sandy-soil Nebbiolo, perfumed and silky, with red berry, violet and softer tannins.

Floral Arneis white, with pear, white peach and a soft, dry palate.

Alpine Nebbiolo (Spanna), with red cherry, iron, herbs and a savory, mineral spine.

Nebbiolo-based northern red, with red fruit, spice and brisk, earthy structure.

Juicy, high-acid Barbera, with red cherry, plum and a mouthwatering finish.

Top-tier Barbera from Nizza Monferrato, richer and deeper with black cherry and spice.

Structured Barbera, with dark cherry, plum and firm, food-friendly acidity.

Serious Dolcetto, with blackberry, licorice and a dry, almond-bitter finish.

Concentrated Dolcetto, dark and fleshy with blackberry and bitter-herb depth.

Crisp Cortese, with green apple, citrus, almond and a clean mineral finish.

Zesty Erbaluce, with green apple, citrus and a saline snap; also sparkling and sweet.

Aromatic Ruchè, with rose, wild berry and peppery spice.

Sweet, frothy Moscato, with peach, orange blossom and grapey charm.

Sweet sparkling red Brachetto, with strawberry, rose and gentle fizz.

Traditional-method sparkling (Pinot/Chardonnay), with citrus, hazelnut and creamy bead.

Nebbiolo and Arneis zone: perfumed reds and floral whites of finesse.

Approachable young Nebbiolo, with cherry, rose and bright tannins.

Mid-weight Nebbiolo, with red cherry, herbs and supple structure.

Plush Barbera, with black cherry, plum and vibrant acidity.

Easy purple Dolcetto, with blackberry, licorice and a soft finish.

Light, peppery Pelaverga, with crunchy red fruit and a white-pepper lift.

High-altitude Nebbiolo, delicate and mineral with red fruit and fine tannin.

Italy's benchmark metodo classico (Chardonnay/Pinot), with citrus, brioche and fine bubbles.

Alpine Nebbiolo (Chiavennasca), with red cherry, herbs and mineral lift.

Dried-grape Nebbiolo, powerful with dark cherry, raisin and spice.

Rare sweet passito red Moscato, with rose, raspberry and spice.

Pinot Nero sparkling, with red apple, citrus and toasty depth.

Turbiana white, with citrus, almond, white flowers and saline length.

Dried-grape powerhouse (Corvina), with black cherry, raisin, chocolate and warming richness.

Sweet dried-grape red, with cherry, raisin and velvety spice.

Light Corvina red, with sour cherry, almond and herbal freshness.

Valpolicella re-fermented on Amarone skins; cherry, spice and extra depth.

Garganega white, with pear, almond, chamomile and a saline finish.

Concentrated Garganega, with ripe pear, citrus, almond and mineral length.

Sweet Garganega passito, with apricot, candied citrus and honey.

Light Corvina-based red, with red cherry, herbs and easy freshness.

Riper Bardolino, with red cherry, spice and gentle structure.

Hillside Glera, finer and creamier, with pear, citrus and acacia.

Elegant hillside Prosecco, with green apple, pear and floral lift.

Glera sparkling, light and frothy with apple, pear and off-dry charm.

Aromatic Moscato Giallo, dry to sweet, with orange blossom and peach.

Raboso-based, partly dried; dark fruit, high acidity and firm tannin.

High-acid Durella sparkling, with green apple and volcanic minerality.

Blended white, with citrus, pear, almond and gentle florals.

Garganega white, fresh with pear, almond and saline brightness.

Alpine metodo classico, with green apple, citrus, almond and bready depth.

Crystalline mountain whites and elegant reds — Pinot Bianco, Gewürztraminer, Lagrein, Schiava.

Deep, juicy Teroldego, with blackberry, plum and smooth tannin.

Light Schiava, with strawberry, almond and soft refreshment.

Broad alpine zone: crisp whites and supple reds across many varieties.

Friuli's white grand cru: layered, mineral Friulano, Ribolla and Sauvignon.

Hillside whites and reds — Friulano, Ribolla, Refosco, Schioppettino.

Sweet Verduzzo, lightly tannic with honey, dried apple and almond.

Rare, delicate dessert Picolit, with peach and acacia honey.

Structured white blend led by Friulano: citrus, herbs and mineral depth.

Plain-grown whites and reds, ripe and aromatic with freshness.

Wild, mineral Vitovska whites and Terrano reds on limestone.

Friulano-based white (shared with Veneto), savory with almond and herbs.

Pale fizzy red, with strawberry, violet and crisp dry acidity.

Fuller fizzy red, with blackberry, violet and a tannic bite.

Aromatic fizzy red, with red berry and floral lift.

Textured Albana white, dry to sweet, with apricot, citrus and a nutty grip.

Crisp Grechetto (Pignoletto), with green apple, pear and almond.

Friendly Sangiovese, with red cherry, plum and soft tannin.

100% Sangiovese of great power and longevity, with black cherry, leather, herbs and firm tannin.

Younger Sangiovese sibling of Brunello, with bright cherry and softer structure.

Sangiovese from the historic zone, with sour cherry, violet, tobacco and savory grip.

Everyday Sangiovese, with red cherry, plum and bright acidity.

Sangiovese (Prugnolo Gentile), with cherry, spice, leather and supple tannin.

Crisp Vernaccia white, with citrus, green apple, almond and minerality.

Sangiovese with Cabernet, with red and black fruit, spice and elegance.

Maremma Sangiovese, ripe and warm with cherry, plum and herbs.

Coastal Bordeaux blends (Cabernet, Merlot), with blackcurrant, cedar and polished tannin.

The cru that launched the Super Tuscans: Cabernet of cassis, graphite and finesse.

Maremma Sangiovese, with cherry, herbs and mineral freshness.

Coastal Bordeaux-style reds, plush with dark fruit and spice.

Broad coastal zone: ripe Sangiovese, Vermentino and Bordeaux varieties.

Amber dried-grape dessert wine, with apricot, walnut and honey.

Hugely tannic Sagrantino, with blackberry, tar and earth; built to age.

Sangiovese-based, with cherry, spice and refined structure.

Grechetto-Trebbiano white, with citrus, pear and a gentle nutty finish.

Sangiovese with Sagrantino, with red fruit, spice and firm grip.

Verdicchio white, with lemon, green almond, fennel and saline length.

Age-worthy Verdicchio, richer with citrus, herbs and bitter-almond depth.

Inland Verdicchio, taut and mineral with citrus and anise.

Montepulciano red, with black cherry, plum and warm spice.

Pecorino and Passerina whites plus Montepulciano reds of character.

Rare sparkling red, partly dried, with cherry, spice and lively fizz.

Montepulciano-Sangiovese blend, juicy with red fruit and spice.

Intensely floral red, with rose, violet and ripe berry.

Juicy Montepulciano, with black cherry, plum, licorice and smooth tannin.

Structured hillside Montepulciano, deeper with spice and firm tannin.

From neutral and crisp to mineral and complex with citrus and herbs.

Cherry-pink Montepulciano rosé, juicy with red berry and a savory bite.

Small Abruzzo zone: Montepulciano reds and Pecorino/Passerina whites.

Rare Tintilia red, with dark berry, pepper and firm structure.

Malvasia-Trebbiano white, soft with citrus, white flowers and almond.

Richer Frascati, with riper citrus, herbs and gentle minerality.

Spicy, floral Cesanese, with red cherry, pepper and soft tannin.

Light lakeside white, citrusy and easy with floral notes.

Aglianico of power and depth, with black cherry, leather, ash and firm tannin; ages long.

Structured Greco white, with peach, citrus, mineral and a smoky finish.

Fiano white, with honey, hazelnut, pear and smoky minerality.

Aglianico red, with dark cherry, herbs and grippy tannin.

Volcanic whites and reds, mineral and savory from Vesuvius slopes.

Lively Falanghina, with citrus, peach and brisk acidity.

Terraced coastal whites and reds of saline freshness.

Volcanic Aglianico, with dark cherry, smoke, herbs and firm tannin.

Top-tier Vulture Aglianico, deep and structured with great aging potential.

Rich Primitivo, with ripe blackberry, fig, chocolate and warmth.

Sweet natural Primitivo, with fig, plum jam and spice.

Structured Nero di Troia, with blackberry, pepper and firm tannin.

Bright Bombino Nero rosé, with cherry, raspberry and lively acidity.

Negroamaro red, warm with black cherry, plum and savory spice.

Elegant inland Primitivo, with dark berry, spice and firmer structure.

Verdeca-led white, light, citrusy and herbal.

Gaglioppo red, with red cherry, orange peel, herbs and brisk tannin.

Rare sweet Greco passito, with orange peel, apricot and herbs.

Volcanic Nerello Mascalese, with red cherry, ash, herbs and fine tannin.

Carricante white, taut and mineral with green apple, lemon and salinity.

Nero d'Avola–Frappato blend, juicy and perfumed with cherry and spice.

Island-wide mark: Nero d'Avola reds, Grillo and Catarratto whites.

Fortified amber, with caramel, fig, walnut and an oxidative tang.

Zibibbo passito, lush with dried apricot, fig and honey.

Fragrant Malvasia passito, with apricot, orange blossom and honey.

Nerello-based Messina red, elegant with red fruit and minerality.

Nero d'Avola heartland, ripe and full with black cherry and spice.

Sardinia's only DOCG: crisp, saline Vermentino with citrus and herbs.

Island-wide Vermentino, fresh with citrus, pear and a bitter-almond twist.

Grenache-based red, warm with red berry, herbs and pepper.

Old-vine Carignano, dark and fleshy with blackberry and licorice.

Oxidative Vernaccia, dry with almond, dried flowers and a sherry-like tang.

Light Nuragus white, tangy with citrus and green apple.

Terraced seaside white (Bosco/Vermentino), saline with citrus and herbs.

Rare passito, with dried apricot, honey, citrus peel and salinity.

Delicate Rossese red, floral with red berries and a savory lift.

Vermentino whites and Sangiovese reds on the Liguria–Tuscany border.

Alpine reds and whites from native grapes like Petit Rouge and Prié Blanc.

Powerful and tannic, with black cherry, leather, ash and tobacco; ages like a southern Barolo.

Aromatic red, often sweet, with rose petal, ripe cherry and Mediterranean herbs.

High acidity, low tannin, with juicy red cherry, plum and a savory, food-friendly edge.

Soft, fruity and often lightly fizzy, with blackberry, violet and a faintly bitter finish.

Robust and dark, with ripe berry, warm spice and sturdy, sun-baked tannins.

Light and fragrant, usually sweet and sparkling, bursting with strawberry and rose.

Herbal and red-fruited, with raspberry, bell pepper, graphite and fresh acidity.

Structured, with blackcurrant, cedar and tobacco over firm tannin; key Super Tuscan grape.

Warm and generous, with ripe red berries, dried herbs, pepper and supple tannins.

Dark and fleshy, with blackberry, licorice and a sun-baked Mediterranean character.

Rare red with wild berry, earthy spice and a firm, rustic structure.

Soft, spicy and floral, with red cherry, black pepper and gentle tannins.

Bright and juicy, named for its cherry fruit, soft and immediately appealing.

The backbone of Valpolicella: sour cherry, almond and herbs over lively acidity.

Inky and tannic, with dark plum, blackberry and a bitter-herb twist.

Deep purple, low acid, with blackberry, licorice and an almond-bitter finish.

Pale and perfumed, with fresh strawberry, red flowers and a light, juicy palate.

Tart and tannic, with wild strawberry, rose and a faintly bitter grip.

Medium-bodied, with red cherry, dried herbs, orange peel and brisk tannins.

Pale, high-acid and tannic, with red berries, white pepper and a brisk finish.

Dark and brooding, with blackberry, bitter chocolate and cool alpine freshness.

Fizzy red from dry to off-dry, with strawberry, blackberry and a refreshing tang.

Spicy and floral, with ripe red fruit, herbs and well-knit tannins.

Soft and aromatic, adding plummy fruit, violet and spice, often as a blender.

Light and fragrant, with juicy red cherry, violet and a soft, easy palate.

Plush and round, with plum, black cherry and soft, supple tannins.

Easygoing and fruity, with red plum, dried herbs and gentle tannins.

Juicy and full, with black cherry, plum, licorice and smooth, ripe tannins.

Pale but mighty: rose, tar and cherry over towering tannin and bright acidity.

Dark and warm, with black cherry, baked plum, tobacco and a savory bitterness.

Soft and perfumed, lending color and red-fruit roundness to Etna blends.

Elegant and volcanic, with red cherry, ash and herbs over Nebbiolo-like finesse.

Bold and ripe, with black cherry, plum, licorice and sun-warmed spice.

Structured and spicy, with blackberry, pepper and firm, grippy tannins.

Rare red with dense dark fruit, spice and a velvety, full body.

Light and peppery, with crunchy red berries and a signature white-pepper lift.

Rustic and tannic, with dark berries, earth and a bitter-herb edge.

Alpine red with redcurrant, violet, pepper and brisk mountain freshness.

Deeply colored and spicy, with black fruit, violet and firm tannin.

Medium-bodied, with red cherry, herbs, iron and a soft, savory palate.

Rare and intense, with dark berries, spice and formidable tannic structure.

Silky and red-fruited, with cherry, forest floor and an elegant, lifted finish.

Rich and jammy, with ripe blackberry, fig, chocolate and warming alcohol.

Dense and dark, with black fruit, spice and firm, Sangiovese-like grip.

High-acid and tannic, with sour cherry, plum and a rustic, age-worthy frame.

Juicy yet firm, with blackberry, plum, herbs and a bitter-almond finish.

Delicate and floral, with red berries, herbs and a fine, savory lift.

Aromatic and spicy, with rose, wild berry, black pepper and gentle tannins.

Massively tannic, with blackberry, plum, tar and earth; built for long aging.

Italy's signature red: sour cherry, plum, tomato leaf and tea over bright acidity and firm tannin.

Pale and light, with strawberry, almond and a soft, refreshing palate.

Peppery and floral, with red and black fruit and a distinctive spicy snap.

Dark and fruity, with blackberry, herbs and bright, lifted acidity.

Dark and peppery, with blackberry, smoke, cured olive and savory spice.

Fiercely tannic and tart, with dark fruit and a tongue-cutting bite.

Deep and juicy, with blackberry, plum, pine and smooth tannins.

Wild and high-acid, with sour berry, iron and earthy minerality.

Rare red with dark berry, pepper, herbs and firm structure.

Peppery and floral, with red fruit and brisk, spicy freshness.

Textured white with apricot, citrus and a faintly tannic, nutty grip.

Soft and nutty, with ripe pear, almond and a gently herbal finish.

Floral and pear-scented, with white peach, almond and a soft, dry palate.

Razor-sharp and zesty, with green apple, lemon and saline freshness.

Light and mineral, with citrus, white flowers and an island-saline lift.

Crisp and easy, with lemon, green apple and gentle florals.

Volcanic white with citrus, apple, herbs and a saline edge.

Taut and mineral, with green apple, lemon, anise and volcanic salinity; ages well.

Fresh and citrusy, with lemon, white flowers and a soft herbal note.

Versatile, from crisp apple and citrus to rich butter, vanilla and stone fruit when oaked.

Bright and citrusy, with green apple, white flowers and lively acidity.

Round and gentle, with ripe pear, melon and soft floral tones.

Crisp and delicate, with green apple, citrus, almond and a mineral finish.

High-acid and citrusy, with green apple, white flowers and a saline snap.

Aromatic and lively, with citrus, peach, white flowers and brisk acidity.

A local Vermentino: light and floral, with citrus, pear and crisp freshness.

Rich yet fresh, with honey, hazelnut and pear over a smoky, mineral depth.

Simple and saline, with citrus, herbs and bright island freshness.

Gentle and elegant, with ripe pear, almond, chamomile and a saline finish.

Exotically perfumed, with lychee, rose, ginger and a full, oily palate.

Round and nutty, with pear, citrus and a faintly bitter, herbal close.

Structured and citrusy, with peach, mineral and a smoky, almond finish.

Zesty and tropical, with citrus, white peach, herbs and a saline grip.

Aromatic and crisp, with citrus, apricot, herbs and racy acidity.

Aromatic white with peach, apricot, white flowers and a soft, perfumed palate.

A Riesling-Pinot Bianco cross: citrus, sage, peach and zippy acidity.

Intensely aromatic, with citrus, musk and white flowers (a distinct Fiano).

Sweetly floral and grapey, with orange blossom, peach and a delicate fizz.

Light and floral, with green apple, peach and alpine freshness.

Aromatic and structured, with citrus, herbs, honey and mineral length.

Delicate and nutty, with green apple, citrus and a hazelnut hint.

Light and tangy, with citrus, green apple and a simple, refreshing finish.

Ripe and round, with yellow fruit, citrus and gentle minerality.

Crisp and citrusy, with lemon, green apple and a saline lift.

Structured and herbal, with citrus, white peach, sage and firm acidity.

Saline and herbal, with ripe peach, almond and Mediterranean freshness.

Clean and subtle, with apple, pear, almond and crisp acidity.

Crisp and easy, with citrus, green apple, pear and a light almond finish.

Zesty and mineral, with citrus, white flowers and a saline grip; often skin-contact.

Racy and aromatic, with lime, green apple, petrol and steely acidity.

Pungent and crisp, with gooseberry, citrus, elderflower and cut herbs.

Powerful and mineral, with citrus, white peach and honey; ages superbly.

From light and neutral to mineral and herbal, with lemon, green apple and crisp acidity.

Light and herbal, with green apple, citrus and a faintly bitter finish.

Fresh yet age-worthy, with lemon, green almond, fennel and a bitter-almond finish.

Lightly tannic white, with apple, pear and honeyed weight (dry or sweet).

Crisp and saline, with citrus, green herbs, pear and a bitter-almond twist.

Citrusy and crisp, with green apple and bracing acidity (also sweet Torcolato).

Lush and aromatic, with apricot, peach, white flowers and a full body.

Intensely aromatic, with orange blossom, apricot, musk and honey (dry or sweet).